U.S. Geological Survey
20200213
National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2016 Land Cover Alaska - 2011 to 2016 From To Change Pixels (ver. 2.0, July 2020)
20200724
remote-sensing image
Sioux Falls
U.S. Geological Survey
References: (1) Jin, S., Yang, L., Danielson, P., Homer, C., Fry, J., and Xian, G. 2013. A comprehensive change detection method for updating the National Land Cover Database to circa 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, 132: 159 – 175. (2) Xian, G., Homer, C., Dewitz, J., Fry, J., Hossain, N., and Wickham, J., 2011. The change of impervious surface area between 2001 and 2006 in the conterminous United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 77(8): 758-762. (3) Coulston, J. W., Moisen, G. G., Wilson, B. T., Finco, M. V., Cohen, W. B., and Brewer, C. K. 2012. Modeling percent tree canopy cover: a pilot study. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78(7): 715-727. (4) Jin, Suming, Yang, Limin, Zhu, Zhe, Homer, Collin G., A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 195, p. 44–55, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.021. (5) Selkowitz, D. J., Stehman, S. V., Thematic accuracy of the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 land cover for Alaska: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 115, no. 6, p. 1401–1407, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.01.020. The USGS acknowledges the support of USGS and contractor NLCD 2016 Land Cover Mapping Teams in development of data for this map.
https://doi.org/10.5066/P96HHBIE
http://www.mrlc.gov
This update to the Alaska National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2016 replaces the files dated 20200213. In this update the landcover footprint was extended along the northern coast to include the islands that were missed in previous versions, and several duplicate roads (offset by 1 or 2 pixels) were removed on the Aleutian Islands. The Alaska National Land Cover Database 2016 was created using change detection between the nominal dates of 2011 and 2016 utilizing Google Earth engine composites of Landsat imagery. Traditionally, previous classifications of Alaska used path row data and spectral comparisons between path rows along with ancillary data to derive areas of change. Alaska has many challenges for land cover classification, with the largest of these being a very short “leaf on” imagery season for acceptable phenology. This is compounded by persistent cloud cover during this growing season, and increasing terrain shadow and sun angle problems outside of this season. For this reason, the timeframe of 10 years was needed for the first update to the Alaska land cover in order to have enough acceptable imagery between these 2001 and 2011 nominal dates that met these criteria in order to provide reasonable change detection. For 2016, there was not enough complete path row imagery to do this similar change detection. Google Earth engine was employed to create a composite imagery mosaic that uses much smaller pieces of Landsat imagery to create a complete Landsat imagery snapshot used to create change detection between 2011 and 2016. Although this composite technique is not as scientifically rigorous as utilizing direct Landsat imagery, it was the only method available to us during production that would allow completion of change detection in the desired five year timeframe.
The original published 2001 and 2011 Alaska NLCD classifications are generally unchanged, except for slight updates in the northern part of the state to remove perennial ice and snow that were a result of lack of suitable imagery in the 2001 timeframe representing minimum snow and ice extent. See the 2001 and 2011 Land Cover products for the specific metadata process steps associated with the creation of those datasets.
The goal of this project is to provide the Nation with complete, current and consistent public domain information on its land use and land cover.
Corner Coordinates (projection meters)
Upper Left Corner: -2232330(X), 2380110(Y)
Lower Right Corner: 1494720(X), 344820(Y)
19980607
20171231
ground condition
As needed
Land Cover Alaska
-167.0000
-122.0000
77.0000
40.0000
ISO 19115 Topic Category
imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
NGDA Portfolio Themes
NGDA
National Geospatial Data Asset
Land Use Land Cover Theme
None
Land Cover
GIS
U.S. Geological Survey
USGS
digital spatial data
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4,): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
United States
U.S.
US
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
AK
Alaska
None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details.
None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations.
Customer Services Representative
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
57198-0001
United States
605/594-6151
605/594-6589
custserv@usgs.gov
U.S. Geological Survey
Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601: Service Pack 1); ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4000 (Service Pack 2)
A formal accuracy assessment was completed for the original 2001 Land Cover product (citation 5). Change pixels were derived for the 2011 and 2016 Land Cover products based on specific criteria. An accuracy assessment has not been conducted for those change pixels. See the process steps in the metadata of the 2011 and 2016 Land Cover products for more information about the creation of those datasets.
This document and the described land cover map are considered "provisional" until a formal accuracy assessment is completed. The U.S. Geological Survey can make no guarantee as to the accuracy or completeness of this information, and it is provided with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be correct or complete. Conclusions drawn from this information are the responsibility of the user.
Manual and automated QA/QC checks on the NLCD 2001 Land Cover Alaska dataset verified the positional accuracy of the pixel grid and confirmed that all thematic attributes belonged to one of the approved NLCD classes.
This NLCD product of Alaska Land Cover 2011 to 2016 From To Change Pixels is the version dated July 24, 2020.
N/A
N/A
Collin Homer
Jon Dewitz
Limin Yang
201505
Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information
publication
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282254893_Completion_of_the_2011_National_Land_Cover_Database_for_the_Conterminous_United_States_-_Representing_a_Decade_of_Land_Cover_Change_Information
Digital and/or Hardcopy
201505
publication date
Landsat ETM
Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)
Collin Homer
Jon Dewitz
Limin Yang
201505
Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information
publication
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282254893_Completion_of_the_2011_National_Land_Cover_Database_for_the_Conterminous_United_States_-_Representing_a_Decade_of_Land_Cover_Change_Information
Digital and/or Hardcopy
201505
publication date
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
USDA Forest Service
20181102
Forest Inventory & Analysis: What is Forest Inventory and Analysis?
publication
What_is_FIA_FS_2018_update.pdf
https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/
Digital and/or Hardcopy
20181102
publication date
FIA
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Forest Service
Collin Homer
Jon Dewitz
Limin Yang
201505
Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information
publication
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282254893_Completion_of_the_2011_National_Land_Cover_Database_for_the_Conterminous_United_States_-_Representing_a_Decade_of_Land_Cover_Change_Information
Digital and/or Hardcopy
201505
publication date
DEM
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Collin Homer
Jon Dewitz
Limin Yang
201505
Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information
publication
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282254893_Completion_of_the_2011_National_Land_Cover_Database_for_the_Conterminous_United_States_-_Representing_a_Decade_of_Land_Cover_Change_Information
Digital and/or Hardcopy
201505
publication date
USGS/EROS
United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
Collin Homer
Jon Dewitz
Limin Yang
201505
Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information
publication
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282254893_Completion_of_the_2011_National_Land_Cover_Database_for_the_Conterminous_United_States_-_Representing_a_Decade_of_Land_Cover_Change_Information
Digital and/or Hardcopy
201505
publication date
USGS NLCD
United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Database (NLCD)
Alaska NLCD 2016 was generated using Google Earth engine composite imagery mosaics. A single 2011 Google Earth engine image utilized USGS Landsat five top of atmosphere data from 2008 through 2011. Two composites for 2016 were generated using USGS Landsat eight tier 1 top of atmosphere data from 2015 to 2017, and another from 2014 to 2017. Two composites for the 2016 nominal date were used to allow a wider time window needed to address persistent cloud and shadow problems along with terrain shadow problems throughout Alaska. All three of these dates utilized median value based compositing.
These three composites also utilized temporal filtering to restrict the dates and months used in the composite. These composites also utilized cloud masking from the Landsat collection one level I quality assessment band to capture clouds and shadows. The median value was computed for each band per pixel and the imagery was clipped to the NLCD Alaska boundary extent. These images were exported as a tagged image file to Google Drive. The data were downloaded and reprojected to create the final imagery mosaics in the NLCD Alaska Albers projection.
To further improve the ability to create valid change detection, the two 2016 images were used to create a single composite image. A model was created to identify potential cloud and shadow areas in the 2015 to 2017 composite image. These cloud and shadow areas were replaced with pixels from the 2014 to 2017 composite image which utilized a longer timeframe to minimize cloud and shadow areas. Problem areas still persisted in southern perennial ice and snow mountain areas. These were manually filled to create a seamless composite. Once these two comparable composite images were created, the change detection process was similar to the 2011 process referenced here.
Jin, Suming, Yang, Limin, Zhu, Zhe, Homer, Collin G., A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 195, p. 44–55, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.021
These were combined into a vegetation disturbance layer to create a disturbance map from approximately 1940 until current.
Tasseled cap, normalized burn ratio (NBR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) images were calculated. Ancillary data included:
- Digital elevation model (DEM) and derivatives (slope and aspect),
- Fire and forest thinning polygons obtained from the state of Alaska, Landfire, and the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) Fire disturbance areas were directly downloaded from the MTBS website. . https://mtbs.gov/direct-download, I directly download U.S. 1984-2016 Burned Areas Boundaries Dataset (mtbs_perims_DD.shp). These were utilized to create a fire year image for the entire Alaska timeframe that was available. Forest harvest disturbance was download from the Forest Service website. https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/datasets.php?xmlKeyword=harvest _USA.Activity_TimberHarvest.shp. These were combined to make a vegetation disturbance layer from 1940 to the current date.
- Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow/ice raster data, and - 2001 NLCD.
Change detection and classification models used NLCD and ancillary data to predict land cover classes for changed areas. The general modeling process was as follows: 1. Biomass increase was calculated from spectral and DEM derivatives, plus 2001 land cover. 2. Biomass increase was added to the disturbance data, yielding a disturbance template. 3. The disturbance template plus the spectral derivatives (NBR, NDVI) were compared to the 2001 land cover to model updated vegetation change areas. 4. The updated vegetation change areas were inserted into the 2011 land cover to create training data for a classification and regression tree (CART) model. 5. A CART classification was used to detect unmapped disturbances and change. 6. The vegetation classification was refined to detect and correct for areas of shadow and succession after forest fires, clearing or thinning. 7. Snow/ice change was detected using an algorithm based on NDWI plus topography (correction for shadows) and MODIS snow/ice data, which yielded snow/ice change areas. 8. Water change was detected using a Landsat-based water change detection algorithm, refined by land cover and topography data (shadow areas) to detect changes. 9. The vegetation, snow/ice, and water change areas were combined to update the overall classification and to derive a set of change pixels. 10. Change pixels in urban/developed areas were created by modeling change in major cities. Manual editing was used to add developed change for small towns and other features. After all mapping units were processed, the change pixels were mosaicked and checked for consistency and quality. Manual edits were used to clean up areas that were incorrectly classified. Snow, ice, and water extents were mapped directly from Landsat imagery. As a result, the extent of snow, ice, and water reflects the year and season when the imagery was recorded. Differences in snow, ice, and water extent between 2001 and 2011 may not reflect perennial changes in their extent, but simply reflect seasonal change between the two time periods.
Land cover change pixels were calculated for three time periods: 2001 to 2011, 2001 to 2016, and 2011 to 2016. For each interval the earlier land cover class for every pixel was compared with the later class. If the class changed the pixel with the later class was written to the change pixel file.
In addition to a simple change pixel identification, the from-to change pixel file summarizes the numbers of pixels that changed from each class to every other class as well as the numbers of pixels that did not change.
Landsat ETM
USDA
FIA
DEM
USGS/EROS
20200724
USGS NLCD
Customer Services Representative
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing address
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
57198-0001
United States
605/594-6151
605/594-6589
custserv@usgs.gov
Raster
Pixel
67844
124236
1
Albers Conical Equal Area
55.000000
65.000000
-154.000000
50.000000
0.000000
0.000000
coordinate pair
30.000000
30.000000
meters
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)
WGS_1984
6378137.000000
298.257222
None
NLCD Land Cover Layer
National Land Cover Database 2016
ObjectID
Internal feature number
ESRI
Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated
Count
A nominal integer value that designates the number of pixels that have each value in the file; histogram column in ERDAS Imagine raster attributes table
NLCD
Integer
ValueLand Cover Class Code Value: Land cover defines the material on the land’s surface. The categories, or classes, used by the NLCD are from a modified Anderson Land Cover Classification SystemNLCD
0
Unclassified
NLCD land cover class descriptions
1
No data value, Alaska zones only
NLCD land cover class descriptions
11
Open Water - All areas of open water, generally with less than 25% cover or vegetation or soil
NLCD land cover class descriptions
12
Perennial Ice/Snow - All areas characterized by a perennial cover of ice and/or snow, generally greater than 25% of total cover
NLCD land cover class descriptions
21
Developed, Open Space - Includes areas with a mixture of some constructed materials, but mostly vegetation in the form of lawn grasses. Impervious surfaces account for less than 20 percent of total cover. These areas most commonly include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses, and vegetation planted in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes
NLCD land cover class descriptions
22
Developed, Low Intensity -Includes areas with a mixture of constructed materials and vegetation. Impervious surfaces account for 20-49 percent of total cover. These areas most commonly include single-family housing units
NLCD land cover class descriptions
23
Developed, Medium Intensity - Includes areas with a mixture of constructed materials and vegetation. Impervious surfaces account for 50-79 percent of the total cover. These areas most commonly include single-family housing units
NLCD land cover class descriptions
24
Developed, High Intensity - Includes highly developed areas where people reside or work in high numbers. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial. Impervious surfaces account for 80 to 100 percent of the total cover
NLCD land cover class descriptions
31
Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) - Barren areas of bedrock, desert pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand dunes, strip mines, gravel pits and other accumulations of earthen material. Generally, vegetation accounts for less than 15% of total cover
NLCD land cover class descriptions
41
Deciduous Forest - Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. More than 75 percent of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change
NLCD land cover class descriptions
42
Evergreen Forest - Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. More than 75 percent of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is never without green foliage
NLCD land cover class descriptions
43
Mixed Forest - Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. Neither deciduous nor evergreen species are greater than 75 percent of total tree cover
NLCD land cover class descriptions
51
Dwarf Scrub - Alaska only areas dominated by shrubs less than 20 centimeters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This type is often co-associated with grasses, sedges, herbs, and non-vascular vegetation tundra and may be periodically or seasonally wet and/or saturated with wate. This type commonly occurs in alpine or tundra areas and may contain permafrost
NLCD land cover class descriptions
52
Shrub/Scrub - Areas dominated by shrubs less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions
NLCD land cover class descriptions
71
Grassland/Herbaceous - Areas dominated by grammanoid or herbaceous vegetation, generally greater than 80% of total vegetation. These areas are not subject to intensive management such as tilling, but can be utilized for grazing
NLCD land cover class descriptions
72
Sedge/Herbaceous - Alaska only areas dominated by sedges and forbs, generally greater than 80% of total vegetation. This type can occur with significant other grasses or other grass like plants, and includes sedge tundra, and sedge tussock tundra and may be periodically or seasonally wet and/or saturated. This type may contain permafrost
NLCD land cover class descriptions
74
Moss- Alaska only areas dominated by mosses generally greater than 80% of total vegetation
NLCD land cover class descriptions
81
Pasture/Hay - Areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops, typically on a perennial cycle. Pasture/hay vegetation accounts for greater than 20 percent of total vegetation
NLCD land cover class descriptions
82
Cultivated Crops - Areas used for the production of annual crops, such as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton, and also perennial woody crops such as orchards and vineyards. Crop vegetation accounts for greater than 20 percent of total vegetation. This class also includes all land being actively tilled
NLCD land cover class descriptions
90
Woody Wetlands - Areas where forest or shrub land vegetation accounts for greater than 20 percent of vegetative cover and the soil or substrate is persistently saturated with or covered with water
NLCD land cover class descriptions
95
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands - Areas where perennial herbaceous vegetation accounts for greater than 80 percent of vegetative cover and the soil or substrate is persistently saturated with or covered with water
NLCD land cover class descriptions
Red
Numeric code for Red color in RGB slice format for image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user
NLCD
0
100
CSS Color Value Percentage
0.1
Green
Numeric code for Green color in RGB slice format for image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user
NLCD
0
100
CSS Color Value Percentage
0.1
Blue
Numeric code for Blue color in RGB slice format for image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user
NLCD
0
100
CSS Color Value Percentage
0.1
Opacity
A measure of how opaque, or solid, a color is displayed in a layer
NLCD
0
100
percentage
0.1
Land Cover Class RGB Color Value Table, From 2001 to 2011 Change Matrix Raster Index Values Table, and From 2001 - To 2011 Change Matrix Raster Index Value List with Legend based change description
Attributes defined by USGS and ESRI. Red Green Blue 0.00000000000 0.00000000000 0.00000000000 0.27843137255 0.41960784314 0.62745098039 0.81960784314 0.86666666667 0.97647058824 0.86666666667 0.78823529412 0.78823529412 0.84705882353 0.57647058824 0.50980392157 0.92941176471 0.00000000000 0.00000000000 0.66666666667 0.00000000000 0.00000000000 0.69803921569 0.67843137255 0.63921568628 0.40784313726 0.66666666667 0.38823529412 0.10980392157 0.38823529412 0.18823529412 0.70980392157 0.78823529412 0.55686274510 0.64705882353 0.54901960784 0.18823529412 0.80000000000 0.72941176471 0.48627450980 0.88627450980 0.88627450980 0.75686274510 0.78823529412 0.78823529412 0.46666666667 0.60000000000 0.75686274510 0.27843137255 0.46666666667 0.67843137255 0.57647058824 0.85882352941 0.84705882353 0.23921568628 0.66666666667 0.43921568628 0.15686274510 0.72941176471 0.84705882353 0.91764705882 0.43921568628 0.63921568628 0.72941176471 From 2001 - To 2011 Change Matrix Raster Index Values List Index Change_Type 0 Unclassified 1 Unclassified to Unclassified 2 Unclassified to Open Water 3 Unclassified to Perennial Ice/Snow 4 Unclassified to Developed, Open Space 5 Unclassified to Developed, Low Intensity 6 Unclassified to Developed, Medium Intensity 7 Unclassified to Developed, High Intensity 8 Unclassified to Barren Land 9 Unclassified to Deciduous Forest 10 Unclassified to Evergreen Forest 11 Unclassified to Mixed Forest 12 Unclassified to Dwarf Scrub 13 Unclassified to Shrub/Scrub 14 Unclassified to Grassland/Herbaceous 15 Unclassified to Sedge/Herbaceous 16 Unclassified to Lichens 17 Unclassified to Moss 18 Unclassified to Pasture/Hay 19 Unclassified to Cultivated Crops 20 Unclassified to Woody Wetlands 21 Unclassified to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 22 Open Water to Unclassified 23 Open Water to Open Water 24 Open Water to Perennial Ice/Snow 25 Open Water to Developed, Open Space 26 Open Water to Developed, Low Intensity 27 Open Water to Developed, Medium Intensity 28 Open Water to Developed, High Intensity 29 Open Water to Barren Land 30 Open Water to Deciduous Forest 31 Open Water to Evergreen Forest 32 Open Water to Mixed Forest 33 Open Water to Dwarf Scrub 34 Open Water to Shrub/Scrub 35 Open Water to Grassland/Herbaceous 36 Open Water to Sedge/Herbaceous 37 Open Water to Lichens 38 Open Water to Moss 39 Open Water to Pasture/Hay 40 Open Water to Cultivated Crops 41 Open Water to Woody Wetlands 42 Open Water to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 43 Perennial Ice/Snow to Unclassified 44 Perennial Ice/Snow to Open Water 45 Perennial Ice/Snow to Perennial Ice/Snow 46 Perennial Ice/Snow to Developed, Open Space 47 Perennial Ice/Snow to Developed, Low Intensity 48 Perennial Ice/Snow to Developed, Medium Intensity 49 Perennial Ice/Snow to Developed, High Intensity 50 Perennial Ice/Snow to Barren Land 51 Perennial Ice/Snow to Deciduous Forest 52 Perennial Ice/Snow to Evergreen Forest 53 Perennial Ice/Snow to Mixed Forest 54 Perennial Ice/Snow to Dwarf Scrub 55 Perennial Ice/Snow to Shrub/Scrub 56 Perennial Ice/Snow to Grassland/Herbaceous 57 Perennial Ice/Snow to Sedge/Herbaceous 58 Perennial Ice/Snow to Lichens 59 Perennial Ice/Snow to Moss 60 Perennial Ice/Snow to Pasture/Hay 61 Perennial Ice/Snow to Cultivated Crops 62 Perennial Ice/Snow to Woody Wetlands 63 Perennial Ice/Snow to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 64 Developed, Open Space to Unclassified 65 Developed, Open Space to Open Water 66 Developed, Open Space to Perennial Ice/Snow 67 Developed, Open Space to Developed, Open Space 68 Developed, Open Space to Developed, Low Intensity 69 Developed, Open Space to Developed, Medium Intensity 70 Developed, Open Space to Developed, High Intensity 71 Developed, Open Space to Barren Land 72 Developed, Open Space to Deciduous Forest 73 Developed, Open Space to Evergreen Forest 74 Developed, Open Space to Mixed Forest 75 Developed, Open Space to Dwarf Scrub 76 Developed, Open Space to Shrub/Scrub 77 Developed, Open Space to Grassland/Herbaceous 78 Developed, Open Space to Sedge/Herbaceous 79 Developed, Open Space to Lichens 80 Developed, Open Space to Moss 81 Developed, Open Space to Pasture/Hay 82 Developed, Open Space to Cultivated Crops 83 Developed, Open Space to Woody Wetlands 84 Developed, Open Space to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 85 Developed, Low Intensity to Unclassified 86 Developed, Low Intensity to Open Water 87 Developed, Low Intensity to Perennial Ice/Snow 88 Developed, Low Intensity to Developed, Open Space 89 Developed, Low Intensity to Developed, Low Intensity 90 Developed, Low Intensity to Developed, Medium Intensity 91 Developed, Low Intensity to Developed, High Intensity 92 Developed, Low Intensity to Barren Land 93 Developed, Low Intensity to Deciduous Forest 94 Developed, Low Intensity to Evergreen Forest 95 Developed, Low Intensity to Mixed Forest 96 Developed, Low Intensity to Dwarf Scrub 97 Developed, Low Intensity to Shrub/Scrub 98 Developed, Low Intensity to Grassland/Herbaceous 99 Developed, Low Intensity to Sedge/Herbaceous 100 Developed, Low Intensity to Lichens 101 Developed, Low Intensity to Moss 102 Developed, Low Intensity to Pasture/Hay 103 Developed, Low Intensity to Cultivated Crops 104 Developed, Low Intensity to Woody Wetlands 105 Developed, Low Intensity to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 106 Developed, Medium Intensity to Unclassified 107 Developed, Medium Intensity to Open Water 108 Developed, Medium Intensity to Perennial Ice/Snow 109 Developed, Medium Intensity to Developed, Open Space 110 Developed, Medium Intensity to Developed, Low Intensity 111 Developed, Medium Intensity to Developed, Medium Intensity 112 Developed, Medium Intensity to Developed, High Intensity 113 Developed, Medium Intensity to Barren Land 114 Developed, Medium Intensity to Deciduous Forest 115 Developed, Medium Intensity to Evergreen Forest 116 Developed, Medium Intensity to Mixed Forest 117 Developed, Medium Intensity to Dwarf Scrub 118 Developed, Medium Intensity to Shrub/Scrub 119 Developed, Medium Intensity to Grassland/Herbaceous 120 Developed, Medium Intensity to Sedge/Herbaceous 121 Developed, Medium Intensity to Lichens 122 Developed, Medium Intensity to Moss 123 Developed, Medium Intensity to Pasture/Hay 124 Developed, Medium Intensity to Cultivated Crops 125 Developed, Medium Intensity to Woody Wetlands 126 Developed, Medium Intensity to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 127 Developed, High Intensity to Unclassified 128 Developed, High Intensity to Open Water 129 Developed, High Intensity to Perennial Ice/Snow 130 Developed, High Intensity to Developed, Open Space 131 Developed, High Intensity to Developed, Low Intensity 132 Developed, High Intensity to Developed, Medium Intensity 133 Developed, High Intensity to Developed, High Intensity 134 Developed, High Intensity to Barren Land 135 Developed, High Intensity to Deciduous Forest 136 Developed, High Intensity to Evergreen Forest 137 Developed, High Intensity to Mixed Forest 138 Developed, High Intensity to Dwarf Scrub 139 Developed, High Intensity to Shrub/Scrub 140 Developed, High Intensity to Grassland/Herbaceous 141 Developed, High Intensity to Sedge/Herbaceous 142 Developed, High Intensity to Lichens 143 Developed, High Intensity to Moss 144 Developed, High Intensity to Pasture/Hay 145 Developed, High Intensity to Cultivated Crops 146 Developed, High Intensity to Woody Wetlands 147 Developed, High Intensity to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 148 Barren Land to Unclassified 149 Barren Land to Open Water 150 Barren Land to Perennial Ice/Snow 151 Barren Land to Developed, Open Space 152 Barren Land to Developed, Low Intensity 153 Barren Land to Developed, Medium Intensity 154 Barren Land to Developed, High Intensity 155 Barren Land to Barren Land 156 Barren Land to Deciduous Forest 157 Barren Land to Evergreen Forest 158 Barren Land to Mixed Forest 159 Barren Land to Dwarf Scrub 160 Barren Land to Shrub/Scrub 161 Barren Land to Grassland/Herbaceous 162 Barren Land to Sedge/Herbaceous 163 Barren Land to Lichens 164 Barren Land to Moss 165 Barren Land to Pasture/Hay 166 Barren Land to Cultivated Crops 167 Barren Land to Woody Wetlands 168 Barren Land to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 169 Deciduous Forest to Unclassified 170 Deciduous Forest to Open Water 171 Deciduous Forest to Perennial Ice/Snow 172 Deciduous Forest to Developed, Open Space 173 Deciduous Forest to Developed, Low Intensity 174 Deciduous Forest to Developed, Medium Intensity 175 Deciduous Forest to Developed, High Intensity 176 Deciduous Forest to Barren Land 177 Deciduous Forest to Deciduous Forest 178 Deciduous Forest to Evergreen Forest 179 Deciduous Forest to Mixed Forest 180 Deciduous Forest to Dwarf Scrub 181 Deciduous Forest to Shrub/Scrub 182 Deciduous Forest to Grassland/Herbaceous 183 Deciduous Forest to Sedge/Herbaceous 184 Deciduous Forest to Lichens 185 Deciduous Forest to Moss 186 Deciduous Forest to Pasture/Hay 187 Deciduous Forest to Cultivated Crops 188 Deciduous Forest to Woody Wetlands 189 Deciduous Forest to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 190 Evergreen Forest to Unclassified 191 Evergreen Forest to Open Water 192 Evergreen Forest to Perennial Ice/Snow 193 Evergreen Forest to Developed, Open Space 194 Evergreen Forest to Developed, Low Intensity 195 Evergreen Forest to Developed, Medium Intensity 196 Evergreen Forest to Developed, High Intensity 197 Evergreen Forest to Barren Land 198 Evergreen Forest to Deciduous Forest 199 Evergreen Forest to Evergreen Forest 200 Evergreen Forest to Mixed Forest 201 Evergreen Forest to Dwarf Scrub 202 Evergreen Forest to Shrub/Scrub 203 Evergreen Forest to Grassland/Herbaceous 204 Evergreen Forest to Sedge/Herbaceous 205 Evergreen Forest to Lichens 206 Evergreen Forest to Moss 207 Evergreen Forest to Pasture/Hay 208 Evergreen Forest to Cultivated Crops 209 Evergreen Forest to Woody Wetlands 210 Evergreen Forest to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 211 Mixed Forest to Unclassified 212 Mixed Forest to Open Water 213 Mixed Forest to Perennial Ice/Snow 214 Mixed Forest to Developed, Open Space 215 Mixed Forest to Developed, Low Intensity 216 Mixed Forest to Developed, Medium Intensity 217 Mixed Forest to Developed, High Intensity 218 Mixed Forest to Barren Land 219 Mixed Forest to Deciduous Forest 220 Mixed Forest to Evergreen Forest 221 Mixed Forest to Mixed Forest 222 Mixed Forest to Dwarf Scrub 223 Mixed Forest to Shrub/Scrub 224 Mixed Forest to Grassland/Herbaceous 225 Mixed Forest to Sedge/Herbaceous 226 Mixed Forest to Lichens 227 Mixed Forest to Moss 228 Mixed Forest to Pasture/Hay 229 Mixed Forest to Cultivated Crops 230 Mixed Forest to Woody Wetlands 231 Mixed Forest to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 232 Dwarf Scrub to Unclassified 233 Dwarf Scrub to Open Water 234 Dwarf Scrub to Perennial Ice/Snow 235 Dwarf Scrub to Developed, Open Space 236 Dwarf Scrub to Developed, Low Intensity 237 Dwarf Scrub to Developed, Medium Intensity 238 Dwarf Scrub to Developed, High Intensity 239 Dwarf Scrub to Barren Land 240 Dwarf Scrub to Deciduous Forest 241 Dwarf Scrub to Evergreen Forest 242 Dwarf Scrub to Mixed Forest 243 Dwarf Scrub to Dwarf Scrub 244 Dwarf Scrub to Shrub/Scrub 245 Dwarf Scrub to Grassland/Herbaceous 246 Dwarf Scrub to Sedge/Herbaceous 247 Dwarf Scrub to Lichens 248 Dwarf Scrub to Moss 249 Dwarf Scrub to Pasture/Hay 250 Dwarf Scrub to Cultivated Crops 251 Dwarf Scrub to Woody Wetlands 252 Dwarf Scrub to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 253 Shrub/Scrub to Unclassified 254 Shrub/Scrub to Open Water 255 Shrub/Scrub to Perennial Ice/Snow 256 Shrub/Scrub to Developed, Open Space 257 Shrub/Scrub to Developed, Low Intensity 258 Shrub/Scrub to Developed, Medium Intensity 259 Shrub/Scrub to Developed, High Intensity 260 Shrub/Scrub to Barren Land 261 Shrub/Scrub to Deciduous Forest 262 Shrub/Scrub to Evergreen Forest 263 Shrub/Scrub to Mixed Forest 264 Shrub/Scrub to Dwarf Scrub 265 Shrub/Scrub to Shrub/Scrub 266 Shrub/Scrub to Grassland/Herbaceous 267 Shrub/Scrub to Sedge/Herbaceous 268 Shrub/Scrub to Lichens 269 Shrub/Scrub to Moss 270 Shrub/Scrub to Pasture/Hay 271 Shrub/Scrub to Cultivated Crops 272 Shrub/Scrub to Woody Wetlands 273 Shrub/Scrub to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 274 Grassland/Herbaceous to Unclassified 275 Grassland/Herbaceous to Open Water 276 Grassland/Herbaceous to Perennial Ice/Snow 277 Grassland/Herbaceous to Developed, Open Space 278 Grassland/Herbaceous to Developed, Low Intensity 279 Grassland/Herbaceous to Developed, Medium Intensity 280 Grassland/Herbaceous to Developed, High Intensity 281 Grassland/Herbaceous to Barren Land 282 Grassland/Herbaceous to Deciduous Forest 283 Grassland/Herbaceous to Evergreen Forest 284 Grassland/Herbaceous to Mixed Forest 285 Grassland/Herbaceous to Dwarf Scrub 286 Grassland/Herbaceous to Shrub/Scrub 287 Grassland/Herbaceous to Grassland/Herbaceous 288 Grassland/Herbaceous to Sedge/Herbaceous 289 Grassland/Herbaceous to Lichens 290 Grassland/Herbaceous to Moss 291 Grassland/Herbaceous to Pasture/Hay 292 Grassland/Herbaceous to Cultivated Crops 293 Grassland/Herbaceous to Woody Wetlands 294 Grassland/Herbaceous to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 295 Sedge/Herbaceous to Unclassified 296 Sedge/Herbaceous to Open Water 297 Sedge/Herbaceous to Perennial Ice/Snow 298 Sedge/Herbaceous to Developed, Open Space 299 Sedge/Herbaceous to Developed, Low Intensity 300 Sedge/Herbaceous to Developed, Medium Intensity 301 Sedge/Herbaceous to Developed, High Intensity 302 Sedge/Herbaceous to Barren Land 303 Sedge/Herbaceous to Deciduous Forest 304 Sedge/Herbaceous to Evergreen Forest 305 Sedge/Herbaceous to Mixed Forest 306 Sedge/Herbaceous to Dwarf Scrub 307 Sedge/Herbaceous to Shrub/Scrub 308 Sedge/Herbaceous to Grassland/Herbaceous 309 Sedge/Herbaceous to Sedge/Herbaceous 310 Sedge/Herbaceous to Lichens 311 Sedge/Herbaceous to Moss 312 Sedge/Herbaceous to Pasture/Hay 313 Sedge/Herbaceous to Cultivated Crops 314 Sedge/Herbaceous to Woody Wetlands 315 Sedge/Herbaceous to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 316 Lichens to Unclassified 317 Lichens to Open Water 318 Lichens to Perennial Ice/Snow 319 Lichens to Developed, Open Space 320 Lichens to Developed, Low Intensity 321 Lichens to Developed, Medium Intensity 322 Lichens to Developed, High Intensity 323 Lichens to Barren Land 324 Lichens to Deciduous Forest 325 Lichens to Evergreen Forest 326 Lichens to Mixed Forest 327 Lichens to Dwarf Scrub 328 Lichens to Shrub/Scrub 329 Lichens to Grassland/Herbaceous 330 Lichens to Sedge/Herbaceous 331 Lichens to Lichens 332 Lichens to Moss 333 Lichens to Pasture/Hay 334 Lichens to Cultivated Crops 335 Lichens to Woody Wetlands 336 Lichens to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 337 Moss to Unclassified 338 Moss to Open Water 339 Moss to Perennial Ice/Snow 340 Moss to Developed, Open Space 341 Moss to Developed, Low Intensity 342 Moss to Developed, Medium Intensity 343 Moss to Developed, High Intensity 344 Moss to Barren Land 345 Moss to Deciduous Forest 346 Moss to Evergreen Forest 347 Moss to Mixed Forest 348 Moss to Dwarf Scrub 349 Moss to Shrub/Scrub 350 Moss to Grassland/Herbaceous 351 Moss to Sedge/Herbaceous 352 Moss to Lichens 353 Moss to Moss 354 Moss to Pasture/Hay 355 Moss to Cultivated Crops 356 Moss to Woody Wetlands 357 Moss to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 358 Pasture/Hay to Unclassified 359 Pasture/Hay to Open Water 360 Pasture/Hay to Perennial Ice/Snow 361 Pasture/Hay to Developed, Open Space 362 Pasture/Hay to Developed, Low Intensity 363 Pasture/Hay to Developed, Medium Intensity 364 Pasture/Hay to Developed, High Intensity 365 Pasture/Hay to Barren Land 366 Pasture/Hay to Deciduous Forest 367 Pasture/Hay to Evergreen Forest 368 Pasture/Hay to Mixed Forest 369 Pasture/Hay to Dwarf Scrub 370 Pasture/Hay to Shrub/Scrub 371 Pasture/Hay to Grassland/Herbaceous 372 Pasture/Hay to Sedge/Herbaceous 373 Pasture/Hay to Lichens 374 Pasture/Hay to Moss 375 Pasture/Hay to Pasture/Hay 376 Pasture/Hay to Cultivated Crops 377 Pasture/Hay to Woody Wetlands 378 Pasture/Hay to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 379 Cultivated Crops to Unclassified 380 Cultivated Crops to Open Water 381 Cultivated Crops to Perennial Ice/Snow 382 Cultivated Crops to Developed, Open Space 383 Cultivated Crops to Developed, Low Intensity 384 Cultivated Crops to Developed, Medium Intensity 385 Cultivated Crops to Developed, High Intensity 386 Cultivated Crops to Barren Land 387 Cultivated Crops to Deciduous Forest 388 Cultivated Crops to Evergreen Forest 389 Cultivated Crops to Mixed Forest 390 Cultivated Crops to Dwarf Scrub 391 Cultivated Crops to Shrub/Scrub 392 Cultivated Crops to Grassland/Herbaceous 393 Cultivated Crops to Sedge/Herbaceous 394 Cultivated Crops to Lichens 395 Cultivated Crops to Moss 396 Cultivated Crops to Pasture/Hay 397 Cultivated Crops to Cultivated Crops 398 Cultivated Crops to Woody Wetlands 399 Cultivated Crops to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 400 Woody Wetlands to Unclassified 401 Woody Wetlands to Open Water 402 Woody Wetlands to Perennial Ice/Snow 403 Woody Wetlands to Developed, Open Space 404 Woody Wetlands to Developed, Low Intensity 405 Woody Wetlands to Developed, Medium Intensity 406 Woody Wetlands to Developed, High Intensity 407 Woody Wetlands to Barren Land 408 Woody Wetlands to Deciduous Forest 409 Woody Wetlands to Evergreen Forest 410 Woody Wetlands to Mixed Forest 411 Woody Wetlands to Dwarf Scrub 412 Woody Wetlands to Shrub/Scrub 413 Woody Wetlands to Grassland/Herbaceous 414 Woody Wetlands to Sedge/Herbaceous 415 Woody Wetlands to Lichens 416 Woody Wetlands to Moss 417 Woody Wetlands to Pasture/Hay 418 Woody Wetlands to Cultivated Crops 419 Woody Wetlands to Woody Wetlands 420 Woody Wetlands to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 421 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Unclassified 422 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Open Water 423 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Perennial Ice/Snow 424 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Developed, Open Space 425 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Developed, Low Intensity 426 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Developed, Medium Intensity 427 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Developed, High Intensity 428 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Barren Land 429 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Deciduous Forest 430 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Evergreen Forest 431 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Mixed Forest 432 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Dwarf Scrub 433 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Shrub/Scrub 434 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Grassland/Herbaceous 435 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Sedge/Herbaceous 436 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Lichens 437 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Moss 438 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Pasture/Hay 439 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Cultivated Crops 440 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Woody Wetlands 441 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands to Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
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